1. Introduction Magnesium oxide plays a vital role across agriculture, livestock nutrition, environmental remediation, and industrial manufacturing sectors. In the first half of 2025, China accounted for approximately 76% of global MgO exports, underpinned by integrated magnesite mining, cost-effective calcination infrastructure, and stable trade flows. Chinese exports during this period were primarily directed toward bulk-use sectors that rely on consistent supply volumes and regulatory-compliant quality standards. This report examines demand trends for MgO across key import markets, drawing upon international customs data, regional procurement cycles, and recent regulatory developments. It concludes with a data-grounded forecast of consumption patterns for H2 2025 and 2026, segmented by geographical demand centres.   2. Southeast and South Asia: Resilient Growth Anchored in Agriculture 2.1 Malaysia & Indonesia Malaysia and Indonesia recorded moderate but consistent growth in imports of compound fertiliser-grade MgO, essential for balanced NPK blends used across the fertiliser, oil palm, sugarcane, maize, and rice sectors. Malaysia’s NPK fertiliser demand grew at approximately 5–6 % CAGR, with feed-grade components rising in tandem. In Indonesia, the expansion of oil palm cultivation—especially across Riau and Kalimantan—has pushed strategic MgO supplementation, averaging 150–200 kg/ha, to correct widespread magnesium deficiency. Local policy forecasts suggest oil palm concessions grew by over 12 % in H2 2025, potentially driving 8–10 % annual MgO demand growth in these regions. Supply‑side dynamics forecast H2 2025 demand up 6–8 %, aligned with acreage increases and nutrient-restocking cycles. 2.2 Thailand Thailand’s feed-grade MgO imports rose approximately 6–7 % YoY in H1 2025, influenced by regulatory updates and feed safety compliance ahead of ASEAN’s harmonised feed additive rules coming into effect in 2026. The Department of Livestock Development mandated lower heavy metal thresholds earlier in 2025, triggering feed mills to secure feed-grade MgO in Q2, particularly for swine and poultry rations. Furthermore, horticultural use—including durian production (≈25 kg/rai applications) and integrated shrimp/prawn feed sectors (≈0.3 % Mg inclusion)—contributed to the 6.8 % import uptick. With the modernisation of the orchard and feed industries, growth of 7–9 % annually through 2026 is anticipated. Downstream buyers typically sign multi‑quarter contracts; thus, price movement is likely modest (≈3 %). 2.3 India India’s fragmented fertiliser market saw an estimated 4.7 % increase in MgO imports during H1 2025, largely channelled via state cooperative societies in Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Tamil Nadu. The Indian Council of Agricultural Research has identified severe magnesium deficiency in lateritic soils, particularly for groundnut, banana, and cotton-growing districts. Nationwide usage of MgO in compound NPK blends such as 12:32:16 and 20:20:0 is increasingly encouraged. Annual import volumes for agricultural-grade MgO reached around 62,000 MT, with corrective application needs projected to surge by 15 % in Q3 2025 due to delayed monsoonal restocking. This seasonal spike suggests H2 overall demand growth approaching 8–10 %. While price effects may slightly flex, buyers typically procure via fixed‐term contracts, limiting disruption to ±3 %. 2.4 South Korea South Korea remains a stable importer of agricultural‑grade magnesium oxide, primarily in the 60% purity range, with demand centred on greenhouse farming (such as tomatoes and peppers) and nutrient-balanced livestock feeds. According to trade data from Korea Customs, H1 2025 imports rose by approximately 4%, as hydroponic standards aligned with stricter South Korean export certification requirements. The country’s Department of Agriculture reports that magnesium supplementation is critical for greenhouse growers to stabilise pH and improve calcium–magnesium ratios in hydroponic solution regimes. Meanwhile, feed mills in Gyeonggi and Chungcheong provinces increased their use of MgO for dairy and swine feed premixes, seeking improved rumen buffering and reduced incidences of hypomagnesemia. Client feedback indicates a preference for 60% purity MgO due to cost-efficiency and compatibility with existing mixer systems. H2 2025 is expected to bring modest growth of 3–5%, supported by incremental feed additive regulation updates; price pressure remains minimal (